παράπτωμα

G3900 names a trespass, wrongdoing, transgression, or false step. It appears in Jesus' teaching about forgiving others, Paul's Adam-and-Christ argument, the relationship of Israel's trespass to Gentile blessing in Romans 11, reconciliation, gentle restoration, redemption, spiritual death and grace, and forgiveness with Christ in Colossians. The noun identifies culpable wrong in its settings; its form does not establish that an act was accidental, minor, private, or safe to overlook.

Matthew 6:15 contains two governed forms, and Colossians 2:13 and Romans 5:15 each contain two. Forgiveness passages must not be used to demand immediate reconciliation, private handling of crime, restored access, emotional resolution, or the removal of consequences. Forgiveness before God and neighbor-directed mercy can coexist with lament, truth, restitution, reporting, boundaries, church discipline, and civil justice. Galatians 6:1 calls spiritual people to restore someone caught in a trespass with gentleness and self-watchfulness; it does not authorize untrained investigation, concealment, or returning an unsafe person to power.

Romans 11:11-12 describes Israel's trespass within an argument that explicitly denies final stumbling and later warns Gentile believers against boasting. The wording cannot support anti-Jewish blame, replacement theology, or the claim that Jewish failure exists for Gentile superiority. Romans 5 contrasts Adam's trespass and Christ's gracious gift without making victims responsible for wrong done to them or reducing every disability, illness, death, or hardship to an identifiable personal trespass. Ephesians and Colossians announce grace, life, redemption, and forgiveness; they do not erase accountability or make sin a permanent identity attached to a person.

Twenty governed BSB forms in seventeen verses range across forgiveness, Adam and Christ, Israel and Gentiles, reconciliation, restoration, redemption, death in sin, and divine forgiveness.