The chapter opens by identifying the sayings of King Lemuel, an inspired oracle taught by his mother. Her address is urgent and affectionate: 'Listen, my son.' She warns him not to spend his strength on women or his vigor on those who ruin kings. Royal leadership must not be consumed by sensual indulgence, sexual distraction, or self-dissipating desire.
Proverbs 31:1-9
1 The words of king Lemuel; the revelation which his mother taught him.
2 “Oh, my son! Oh, son of my womb! Oh, son of my vows!
3 Don’t give your strength to women, nor your ways to that which destroys kings.
Lemuel's mother warns that wine and beer are not fitting for kings and rulers, lest they drink, forget what has been decreed, and deprive the oppressed of their rights. Strong drink may be given to those perishing or in bitter distress, but rulers must not dull their judgment. The king must speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves, defend the rights of the destitute, judge fairly, and defend the rights of the poor and needy.
4 It is not for kings, Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine, nor for princes to say, ‘Where is strong drink?’
5 lest they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the justice due to anyone who is afflicted.
6 Give strong drink to him who is ready to perish, and wine to the bitter in soul.
7 Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more.
8 Open your mouth for the mute, in the cause of all who are left desolate.
9 Open your mouth, judge righteously, and serve justice to the poor and needy.”
The acrostic poem begins by asking who can find a wife of noble character. Her worth is far beyond rubies. Her husband has full confidence in her and lacks nothing of value. She brings him good, not harm, all the days of her life.
Proverbs 31:10-12
10 Who can find a worthy woman? For her price is far above rubies.
11 The heart of her husband trusts in her. He shall have no lack of gain.
12 She does him good, and not harm, all the days of her life.
The woman seeks wool and flax and works with eager hands. She is like merchant ships, bringing food from afar. She rises while it is still night, provides food for her family, and portions for her female servants. She considers a field and buys it, and from her earnings plants a vineyard. She sets about her work vigorously; her arms are strong for her tasks. She sees that her trading is profitable, and her lamp does not go out at night. She works skillfully with the distaff and spindle.
Proverbs 31:13-15
13 She seeks wool and flax, and works eagerly with her hands.
14 She is like the merchant ships. She brings her bread from afar.
15 She rises also while it is yet night, gives food to her household, and portions for her servant girls.
Proverbs 31:16-18
16 She considers a field, and buys it. With the fruit of her hands, she plants a vineyard.
17 She arms her waist with strength, and makes her arms strong.
18 She perceives that her merchandise is profitable. Her lamp doesn’t go out by night.
Proverbs 31:19-21
19 She lays her hands to the distaff, and her hands hold the spindle.
The woman opens her arms to the poor and extends her hands to the needy. She does not fear snow for her household because all are clothed in scarlet. She makes coverings for her bed and is clothed in fine linen and purple. Her husband is respected at the city gate among the elders. She makes linen garments and sells them and supplies merchants with sashes. Strength and dignity are her clothing, and she laughs at the days to come.
20 She opens her arms to the poor; yes, she extends her hands to the needy.
21 She is not afraid of the snow for her household; for all her household are clothed with scarlet.
Proverbs 31:22-24
22 She makes for herself carpets of tapestry. Her clothing is fine linen and purple.
23 Her husband is respected in the gates, when he sits among the elders of the land.
24 She makes linen garments and sells them, and delivers sashes to the merchant.
Proverbs 31:25-27
25 Strength and dignity are her clothing. She laughs at the time to come.
She speaks with wisdom, and faithful instruction is on her tongue. She watches over the affairs of her household and does not eat the bread of idleness. Her children arise and call her blessed; her husband praises her. Many women do noble things, but she surpasses them all. Charm is deceptive and beauty is fleeting, but a woman who fears the LORD is to be praised. The poem concludes by calling for her works to bring her praise at the city gate.
26 She opens her mouth with wisdom. Kind instruction is on her tongue.
27 She looks well to the ways of her household, and doesn’t eat the bread of idleness.
Proverbs 31:28-31
28 Her children rise up and call her blessed. Her husband also praises her:
29 “Many women do noble things, but you excel them all.”
30 Charm is deceitful, and beauty is vain; but a woman who fears Yahweh, she shall be praised.
31 Give her of the fruit of her hands! Let her works praise her in the gates!