Deuteronomy 16

Three Feasts and Just Judges: The Covenant Calendar and the Justice That Guards It

From Passover and the memory of the exodus night (vv. 1-8) through the Feast of Weeks and the agricultural firstfruits thanksgiving (vv. 9-12) to the Feast of Booths and the harvest's completion (vv. 13-15), the three-times-a-year summary (vv. 16-17), the appointment of just judges (vv. 18-20), and the closing cultic prohibitions (vv. 21-22).

World English Bible, Public Domain

The LORD brought Israel out of Egypt by night in Abib; the Passover sacrifice from flock and herd at the chosen place.

Deuteronomy 16:1-8

The redeemed people must remember the LORD's deliverance through commanded worship, eating the bread of affliction before Him and letting redemption define their calendar, their gathering, and their daily obedience.

1 Observe the month of Abib, and keep the Passover to Yahweh your God; for in the month of Abib Yahweh your God brought you out of Egypt by night.

2 You shall sacrifice the Passover to Yahweh your God, of the flock and the herd, in the place which Yahweh shall choose to cause his name to dwell there.

No leaven for seven days; the unleavened bread of affliction recalls the haste of the exodus.

3 You shall eat no leavened bread with it. You shall eat unleavened bread with it seven days, even the bread of affliction (for you came out of the land of Egypt in haste) that you may remember the day when you came out of the land of Egypt all the days of your life.

4 No yeast shall be seen with you in all your borders seven days; neither shall any of the meat, which you sacrifice the first day at evening, remain all night until the morning.

The Passover sacrifice must not be offered in local towns but at the chosen place; boil and eat it there; return to tents in the morning.

5 You may not sacrifice the Passover within any of your gates which Yahweh your God gives you;

6 but at the place which Yahweh your God shall choose to cause his name to dwell in, there you shall sacrifice the Passover at evening, at the going down of the sun, at the season that you came out of Egypt.

7 You shall roast and eat it in the place which Yahweh your God chooses. In the morning you shall return to your tents.

Six days of unleavened bread; on the seventh day a solemn assembly with no work.

8 Six days you shall eat unleavened bread. On the seventh day shall be a solemn assembly to Yahweh your God. You shall do no work.

Seven weeks from the sickle's first stroke; keep the Feast of Weeks with a freewill offering proportioned to the LORD's blessing.

Deuteronomy 16:9-12

The LORD teaches Israel to receive harvest blessing as covenant gift by rejoicing before Him, giving proportionally, including the vulnerable, and remembering redemption from Egypt.

9 You shall count for yourselves seven weeks. From the time you begin to put the sickle to the standing grain you shall begin to count seven weeks.

10 You shall keep the feast of weeks to Yahweh your God with a tribute of a free will offering of your hand, which you shall give according to how Yahweh your God blesses you.

Rejoice at the chosen place — you, children, servants, Levite, sojourner, fatherless, and widow.

11 You shall rejoice before Yahweh your God: you, your son, your daughter, your male servant, your female servant, the Levite who is within your gates, the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widow who are among you, in the place which Yahweh your God shall choose to cause his name to dwell there.

The memory of Egypt grounds the festival's observance and its inclusion of the vulnerable.

12 You shall remember that you were a slave in Egypt. You shall observe and do these statutes.

Seven days of Booths after gathering from threshing floor and winepress.

Deuteronomy 16:13-17

The LORD's people must turn gathered abundance into worshipful joy, shared celebration, and proportionate giving before the God who blesses their harvest and work.

13 You shall keep the feast of booths seven days, after you have gathered in from your threshing floor and from your wine press.

Rejoice with the household and the marginalized four; the LORD has blessed all your produce so you will be altogether joyful.

14 You shall rejoice in your feast, you, your son, your daughter, your male servant, your female servant, the Levite, the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widow who are within your gates.

15 You shall keep a feast to Yahweh your God seven days in the place which Yahweh chooses, because Yahweh your God will bless you in all your increase and in all the work of your hands, and you shall be altogether joyful.

The three annual pilgrimages: Passover, Weeks, Booths — every male before the LORD.

16 Three times in a year all of your males shall appear before Yahweh your God in the place which he chooses: in the feast of unleavened bread, in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of booths. They shall not appear before Yahweh empty.

Each gives as he is able according to the blessing of the LORD.

17 Every man shall give as he is able, according to Yahweh your God’s blessing which he has given you.

Judges and officers in every town and tribe; they shall judge with righteous judgment.

Deuteronomy 16:18-20

The LORD's people must pursue justice without corruption because life in His land cannot be sustained by worship festivals alone while public judgment is twisted at the gates.

18 You shall make judges and officers in all your gates, which Yahweh your God gives you, according to your tribes; and they shall judge the people with righteous judgment.

Three judicial prohibitions: no twisting, no partiality, no bribery — a bribe blinds the wise and subverts the righteous.

19 You shall not pervert justice. You shall not show partiality. You shall not take a bribe, for a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise and perverts the words of the righteous.

The doubled tsedek: pursue justice so that you may live and inherit the land.

20 You shall follow that which is altogether just, that you may live and inherit the land which Yahweh your God gives you.

Do not plant any Asherah or tree beside the LORD's altar.

Deuteronomy 16:21-17:1

The people who pursue justice at the gates must also guard purity at the altar, refusing both idolatrous mixture and dishonoring offerings because the LORD hates corrupted worship.

21 You shall not plant for yourselves an Asherah of any kind of tree beside Yahweh your God’s altar, which you shall make for yourselves.

Do not set up a pillar — the LORD hates it.

22 Neither shall you set yourself up a sacred stone which Yahweh your God hates.

Key Terms

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